Confusion about the Future (II)

The lack of a future tense in Romance and Germanic languages is not widely known; on the tacit assumption that there must be one somewhere, people tend to seize on verb forms and modals whose function is to signal that the speaker is making not a statement of fact but a judgement in the absence of the relevant information – a function that makes them useful for discussing the future, of course, but also for making conjectures about present and past facts.

I shall not explain this further here; from the above remarks, it is obvious what is going on when, for instance, a Dutch blogger working in Cameroon writes of a friend whose time there has recently come to an end:  ‘Ze zal nu al thuis zijn, hopelijk heeft ze het niet te koud’ (‘she will already be home by now, hopefully she is not too cold’).

Instead, this is the second in a series of posts exposing the confusion that ensues when people fail to recognize that these Romance verb forms and Germanic modals do not intrinsically encode futurity.

This time my target is the common theory that the ‘future tense’, when not expressing the future, expresses probability as opposed to certainty.  This admits of a homely and a sophisticated refutation.

Firstly, there is no obvious uncertainty when a French couple, reporting on their round-the-world trip, write:  ‘On sera sans doute passé trop vite pour creuser et trouver des endroits plus sauvages, mais il y avait quand même un peu trop de tourisme a notre goût en Thailande’ (‘we will no doubt have passed through too quickly to delve deeper and find wilder places, but even so there was a bit too much tourism in Thailand for our tastes’).  Other examples abound.

Secondly, if non-future ‘will’ expressed probability, people would use it in situations where in fact they do not.  For instance, if you have just tossed two coins without looking at them, you won't assent to the claim that they won't both have come up heads – whereas you will assent to the claim that they probably won't both have come up heads.  What's worse, the same goes for any probability short of 1.

Both difficulties are avoided by the theory that what ‘zal’, ‘will’ and ‘sera’ have in common is that they signal a judgement in the absence of the relevant information – for it is of course possible to make a certain judgement even in the absence of concrete information.

Confusion about the Future (I)

The lack of a future tense in Romance and Germanic languages is not widely known; on the tacit assumption that there must be one somewhere, people tend to seize on verb forms and modals whose function is to signal that the speaker is making not a statement of fact but a judgement in the absence of the relevant information – a function that makes them useful for discussing the future, of course, but also for making conjectures about present and past facts.

I shall not explain this further here; from the above remarks, it is obvious what is going on when, for instance, an Italian, commenting on Obama’s denial of reports that he uses a Zune instead of an iPod, writes:  ‘E comunque lo Zune sarà già stato sepolto nell’Area 51’ (‘and anyway the Zune will already have been buried in Area 51’).

Instead, this is the first in a series of posts exposing the confusion that ensues when people fail to recognize that these Romance verb forms and Germanic modals do not intrinsically encode futurity.

My first exhibit is from the Bristol Classical Press edition of Borges’ Ficciones.  The third sentence of ‘Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius’ (1940) is ‘El hecho se produjo hará unos cinco años.’  Translating word for word, this reads: ‘The event took place it will make some five years.’  The editors explain that ‘hace [‘it makes’] would be more common but the future indicates a certain vagueness: ‘some four or five years ago’.’  Of course, the future is nowhere in sight; this is simply a judgement in the absence of the relevant information.  A more faithful translation would be ‘it will be some five years ago that the event took place’, or ‘the event will have taken place some five years ago’.

There's a close parallel in William Morris’ The Water of the Wondrous Isles (1897), part 6, ch. 7:  “But Birdalone spake, hardening her heart thereto for very need: ‘Belike then there is a change of days here, for when I last knew of the land there was little peace therein.’  ‘And that will not be so long agone,’ said a townsman, smiling, ‘for I doubt we should see no grey hair in thine head if thy sallet were off it.’  Birdalone reddened: ‘It will be some five years agone,’ said she.”

Here Borges’ editors would presumably explain that ‘it is’ would be more common but the future indicates a certain vagueness, so that what Birdalone meant was that it was some four or five years ago.  But while the latter is obviously something that she could have said if she had wanted to, it is equally obviously not what she actually said.